An investigation into open-system pingos in Canada as an analogue to drift-filled hollows in London

They have been encountered on many small- and large-scale engineering projects in London, including the Thames Tideway Lee Tunnel, Crossrail, the Thames Water Ring Main and Battersea Power Station construction. These DFHs often contain water, therefore leading to water ingress whilst tunnelling as well as uneven settlement. The distribution of these features across London is poorly understood, due to their locations only being discovered during engineering projects. Engineers in London do not fully understand how these features formed. One hypothesis is that these features formed during historic glacial periods as pingos. Pingos are dome shaped mounds in cold regions characterised by permafrost. The dome shape is formed by an ice core, which is overlain with soil. The hypothesis is that, when these features melted in London, they were scoured out by rivers fed by glacial meltwater forming the DFHs we observe today. Regions where we can observe modern pingos is the Northwest Territories and Yukon territory of Canada. We propose both a fieldwork and remote sensing approach to test this hypothesis. Firstly, a direct inspection of pingo growth and characteristics of active pingos, followed by inspections of those that have collapsed. This will enable us to better understand if they could have formed in London in the past if the collapsed pingos in Canada share any characteristics with DFHs in London. Secondly, we will use remote sensing data including aerial photography, satellite imagery and digital elevation models, to make a digital map of the location of pingos in the Arctic. The locations may provide clues on factors that effect where they form, including water source for the ice and the type of soil they form under. From these observations, we aim to be able to conclude whether DFHs in London could have formed as pingos and if so, what factors affect their location to improve our knowledge of where to find them in London. With a major tunnelling project currently ongoing in London, the Thames Tideway Tunnel, also known as London’s ‘super-sewer’, knowledge about the location of these hazardous features is of great importance.